Chronic pain is a major health problem, particularly among economically disadvantaged people. Compared with the general population, they have not only a higher incidence of chronic pain but also less access to pain treatment. Preliminary results of a PCORI-funded project suggest that group sessions of both cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and education about pain can help disadvantaged people deal with chronic pain.
Certain pain education interventions and CBT have previously been shown to reduce chronic pain’s intensity and impact. But these interventions have mainly been tested on literate, middle-class patients. A PCORI-funded team wanted to know whether economically disadvantaged people can benefit from the methods when tailored to reduce reading and writing demands, as well as complexity, and adapted to be culturally appropriate. If the revised methods are effective, healthcare providers may be able to offer evidence-based pain management approaches that don’t require advanced technology.
Preliminary Findings
The study divided its 300 participants—most of whom live below the poverty threshold and have poor reading ability—into three sets (medical treatment only; medical treatment plus group pain education; and medical treatment plus group CBT that includes pain education). The study’s principal investigator, Beverly E. Thorn, PhD, of the University of Alabama, had adapted standard CBT practices and patient materials, as well as the group education materials, for this population. The research team evaluated the participants immediately before and after 10 weeks of group treatments, and six months after those treatments ended.
“The preliminary analyses of the resulting data indicate that immediately after the treatment period, patients who received pain education, with or without CBT, experienced less pain and fewer symptoms of depression, and functioned better than those with medical care only,” Thorn says.
These are preliminary findings, Thorn emphasizes. Her team will now examine the data more closely to see whether certain factors have a significant influence on the results. They will consider, for example, the number of sessions a participant attended, group cohesion, and the participant’s relationship with the group leader. The researchers will also analyze the six-month results.
“Pre- and immediately posttreatment data tell you if the treatment had an effect,” Thorn says. “Six-month data tell you whether the effect lasted. Particularly in multiply disadvantaged populations, such as the one we studied, it may be critically important to continue behavioral monitoring and add booster or maintenance interventions, such as continuing support groups, to help patients maintain treatment effects.”
Thorn also expects her data to provide insights beyond indicating which of the treatments works best on average. The team will assess whether existing depression, cognitive habits, educational attainment, or other patient factors make a difference in individuals’ experience of pain or response to therapy.
Early on, when I visited one of the pain clinics where we conducted the study, the head physician said to me, 'Dr. Thorn, what are you doing to my patients? They're coming in, smiling at me, teaching me about chronic pain. This is magic!' That was so gratifying to hear.
Beverly E. Thorn, PhD
People Take Notice
Thorn’s team has not yet published results in a scientific journal, but the research has attracted attention: a New York Times article about disparities in chronic pain treatment described the preliminary findings.
The local medical community has taken note, too. "Early on, when I visited one of the pain clinics where we conducted the study, the head physician said to me, 'Dr. Thorn, what are you doing to my patients? They're coming in, smiling at me, teaching me about chronic pain. This is magic!’” Thorn says. “That was so gratifying to hear."
The study itself had intriguing aspects. Less than 15 percent of patients in all three groups dropped out during treatment—a lower dropout rate than typically seen in behavioral treatment studies of people with chronic pain, Thorn says.
In particular, the researchers were surprised that so many patients who received only standard medical care stuck with the study.
Thorn says, “More than a handful said they got something therapeutic out of our repeated assessments of their pain and experiences.” She gives an example: “One woman said, ‘You asked me four times, What am I doing to help myself manage my pain? It started me thinking, What am I doing?' And so she joined a yoga class.”
Thorn hopes her results will help "get treatment into the hands of people who can use it." If findings are positive, Thorn plans to develop a free toolkit to train clinicians in low-income areas in pain education or CBT. The study’s findings may also shed light on the nature of chronic pain—and effective treatment—particularly among economically disadvantaged people.
Posted: October 2016
ORIGINAL FEATURE (NOVEMBER 2014)
Darrell Harris was in serious pain. His hand had hurt so badly for so long that he’d lost his job in maintenance, surgery hadn’t helped, and he hated taking so many pills, which didn’t do much anyway.
Nine months out of work, Harris, 48, was angry and depressed. Then his doctor suggested an experimental program administered by psychologists to help him to cope with chronic pain. “I was just a shambles,” he says. “It’s a blessing that they came into my life.”
His hand is still painful, due to deteriorating spinal discs in his neck, Harris says. “Sometimes I hurt until I feel I need a pill. But in reality I don’t… I have tools that can help me fight through it. I had to learn to relax my mind, not focus on the pain. For me, the biggest point is not to depend on the narcotics.”
Mind and Body
Chronic pain—including conditions like Harris’s, as well as migraine headache, back pain, fibromyalgia, and neuralgia—afflicts more than one-third of Americans. For most, the only available treatments—medication, surgery, and physical therapy—offer partial relief at best.
Results improve when treatment addresses the mind along with the body, says Beverly Thorn, PhD, a professor in the Department of Psychology at the University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa. “Your thoughts and emotions can change how much pain you perceive,” she explains.
The brain receives pain signals from the body, but it also sends messages down the spinal cord that can increase or reduce nerve transmission, “in effect opening or closing gates that let pain signals in,” Thorn says. This is far from saying that pain is “all in your head,” she emphasizes. “We tell patients, ‘Your pain is absolutely real. We know you’re not faking it, and we can help you learn strategies to deal with it.’”
The first thing most patients say on hearing this news is: “How come no one told us this before? This makes so much sense,” Thorn says.
However, techniques for teaching patients to deal with chronic pain were first designed for, and tested on, well-educated middle-class patients. Economically disadvantaged people—who suffer more than their share of chronic pain—are often less adept at reading, understanding, and using health-related information.
Can the same treatments work for these patients? Thorn is leading a PCORI-funded study to find out.
I had to learn to relax my mind, not focus on the pain. For me, the biggest point is not to depend on the narcotics.
Darrell Harris
Facts and Strategies
Just providing patients with relevant facts about chronic pain reduces its impact, according to previous studies. In a more active approach, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) aims to change how sufferers think about their pain and teach them strategies to deal with it.
For example, they learn to see stress as a challenge rather than a threat and to replace negative thoughts (“This pain is the worst in the world. I can’t bear it.”) with more optimistic ones (“The pain is bad, but I have ways to cope with it.”). They also practice relaxation, distraction, and other techniques that will, in fact, help them cope.
Considerable evidence has shown that such CBT can reduce pain, improve a patient’s ability to function, and cut medication use. But it requires learning and applying unfamiliar concepts.
About a decade ago, Thorn began working to make CBT more user-friendly for economically disadvantaged people. She had published a well-received handbook for therapists and workbook for patients, but she says, “I started getting emails from practitioners around the world who said, ‘Great, but how do you do this for people who aren’t comfortable reading and writing?’
“So I thought: Let’s see if I can adapt this. I went to the patients to find out.”
At that time, Thorn was conducting CBT groups for headache sufferers, some of them with low literacy levels. She asked for their thoughts on how to improve the treatment and patient materials. “They started by saying that we needed more pictures—and to cut the fancy words," she recalls.
With the draft of a new version in hand, she conducted focus groups with some 40 patients in rural Alabama, inviting more detailed comments. The resulting patient handbook has fewer words and simpler language than the original. The lettering is larger and cleaner, and the illustrations more meaningful.
The adapted therapy eliminates the written “homework” traditional in CBT; instead, there’s a “think, feel, act” exercise between sessions. During 10 weekly sessions, therapists use flip-charts to record patients’ observations and experiences, and they provide CDs that include session summaries and tips. In developing the new approach, Thorn learned and integrated what was most important to pain patients: to be listened to, have their pain taken seriously, and have nondrug treatments that worked.
You give patients the information they need, in a way they can understand without highfalutin medical terminology in a group setting that is patient-friendly, collaborative, and very interactive, and many take it and run with it
Beverly Thorn
Therapy Put to the Test
In a feasibility study funded by the National Institutes of Health, the adapted therapy showed promise. Then Thorn and her colleagues partnered with Whatley Health Services, a federally qualified health clinic serving counties around Tuscaloosa, for a pilot study. Harris received the adapted therapy in that study, which compared CBT to pain education in which patients attended classes to learn about the nature of chronic pain but received no training in how to cope.
Both treatments reduced pain intensity and impact—gains that were maintained a year later. The CBT group also showed reductions in depression, which frequently accompanies chronic pain. The current study, larger and more rigorous, will enroll nearly 300 Whatley clinic attendees. They will randomly receive medical treatment alone, with pain education, or with CBT that includes pain education.
“We want to know if both treatments work better than medical treatment as usual, and if CBT has a special advantage for those who are depressed,” says Thorn.
If the effectiveness of pain education without CBT is confirmed for some patients, that would have provocative implications: “You give patients the information they need, in a way they can understand without highfalutin medical terminology in a group setting that is patient-friendly, collaborative, and very interactive, and many take it and run with it,” Thorn says. This simpler intervention would be more economical because it can be administered by less highly trained personnel than are required for CBT.
Patient Perspectives
The patient perspective has been integral throughout this endeavor, Thorn says. Two patient representatives were on the small advisory board that helped define target groups for the larger study, craft the questionnaire to assess patients, and fine-tune the adapted treatment. They provided input on the PCORI application that led to funding for the full study. The current advisory board includes Harris and another patient who was in the demonstration therapy group, and it will soon add two more who are participants in the ongoing study.
“When I talk to the advisory board, I feel like I’m putting stuff out there that they don’t know about patients, that they want to know,” says Harris. “It’s a thrill for me to be able to give them advice, instead of me taking their advice all the time… a thrill to talk to people with more authority than I have and for them to listen.”
Patient participants and community partners on the research board, Thorn says, are also beginning to serve an unanticipated public relations role: through interviews, presentations at professional meetings, and political advocacy, they are promoting better pain treatment for the underserved.
When Harris has talked to other patients one-on-one about the treatment that helped him, he’s had a mixed response. Often, “they feel they have to have their pills. I tell them you have to give yourself a chance to buy into another way.
“I’m hurting now,” he says, “but I’m not letting it get me to where I’m keeping in bed, not going around with my family.”
Harris says, “I think a program like this should be introduced worldwide.”
Posted: November 4, 2014; Updated: March 5, 2018
